What direction does heat flow according to thermodynamic principles?

According to thermodynamic principles, heat flows from hot to cold. This principle is rooted in the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat will naturally transfer from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature one until thermal equilibrium is reached.

When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the higher-energy (hotter) molecules collide with the lower-energy (cooler) molecules, transferring energy in the process. This is why a hot cup of coffee will cool down if left in a cooler room; heat flows from the coffee to the surrounding air until both reach a similar temperature.

Understanding this principle is crucial in various applications, including heating systems, insulation techniques, and energy conservation strategies in multifamily buildings. By managing how heat interacts with the environment, one can improve energy efficiency and comfort within the living space.